Abstract            Volume:9  Issue-10  Year-2021         Original Research Articles

Online ISSN : 2347 - 3215 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcret@gmail.com

A pathogen or pathogenic microorganism is usually defined as a biological agent that can cause damage to its host during, or as a consequence of, the host microorganism interaction. Damage may be inflicted directly by the microorganism (e.g. by toxins or other so-called virulence factors) or indirectly through the activity of the host immune responses. The ability of the pathogen to infect host is called pathogenicity. Microorganisms express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term that refers to the relative, quantitative degree of pathogenicity. The majority of these pathogens are in the genera Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, Acidovorax, Xanthomonas, Clavibacter, Streptomyces, Xylella, Spiroplasma, and Phytoplasma cause diverse, and sometimes devastating, diseases in many different plants, but they all share three characteristics: they colonize the intercellular spaces of plants, they are capable of killing plant cells, and they possess hrp genes. Plant pathogenic bacteria have evolved specialized strategies to exploit their respective hosts. Most of the mare gram-negative, of which biotropic pathogenic bacteria fundamentally possess a type III secretion system encoded by hrp genes and a variable group of genes encoding Avr effector proteins that seem to be delivered into host plant cells through this pathway to suppress plant defense responses and develop diseases symptoms. The bacterial pathogens, involve many virulence factors that are secreted in the extracellular environment of the host cells. The most studied factors are: Adherence to the host cell, with surface adhesion, Production of the degradative enzymes that destroy the plant cell walls, Toxins that are in the apoplastic cell and other complex molecules are also deployed including the exopolysaccharide (EPS) and those modulating the plant hormone production. The main objective of these review will be describe the most important types of pathogenicity genes of the main kinds of plant pathogens.

Download this article as