Abstract            Volume:14  Issue-7  Year-2026         Original Research Articles

Online ISSN : 2347 - 3215 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcret@gmail.com

The Streptococcus genus contains greater than fifty named species that inhabit a broad range of hosts, including humans and domesticated animals. The numerous species of streptococci may be described on the basis of the nature and extent of their hemolytic activity as alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, and non-hemolytic species. S.pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) is beta hemolytic an important human pathogen ranked number nine on the list of global killer pathogens. Before World War II, this species was mostly known for causing severe puerperal infections, scarlet fever, and for being a major cause of death in burn patients, but the introduction of penicillin was responsible for a marked decline in the incidence of these infections in developed countries. However, since the 1980s, a resurgence of severe invasive was reported in several industrialized regions. GAS is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from benign, self-limiting infections (pharyngitis or strep throat, impetigo) to life-threatening invasive disorders (necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome) to immune sequelae (acute rheumatic fever). GAS is distributed directly to other persons via droplets from the respiratory tract or skin. The nasal discharges of a person harboring GAS are the most dangerous source for spread of these organisms. S.pyogenes has several virulence factors that enable it to attach to host tissues, invade immune response and spread by penetrating host tissue layers. The capsule protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by neutrophils. In addition, the capsule and several factors embedded in the cell wall, including M protein, lipoteichic acid and protein F facilitate attachment to various host cells. Streptococci are generally grown on agar media supplemented with blood. Penicillin is first choice for infections caused by hemolytic streptococci. Cephalosporin, or erythromycin or clindamycin in the case of allergy to penicillin, should be prescribed in age-related doses.

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