Abstract            Volume:14  Issue-7  Year-2026         Original Research Articles

Online ISSN : 2347 - 3215 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcret@gmail.com

Nanoparticles, defined broadly as particulate carriers ranging from approximately 1 to 1000 nm, have emerged as a central platform in contemporary drug delivery research. Across the reviewed literature, nanoparticulate systems are reported to improve drug stability, bioavailability, and site-specific delivery while reducing systemic toxicity relative to conventional dosage forms (Kadian, 2018; Mohanraj & Chen, 2006). This review synthesizes findings from five review articles addressing nanoparticle classification, preparation techniques, physicochemical characterization, and therapeutic applications, with particular attention to cancer, brain, gene, oral, and pulmonary delivery. The reviewed sources converge on the primacy of preformed-polymer dispersion methods, such as solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, and emulsification-diffusion, as well as polymerization-based and ionic gelation approaches, while differing in the depth of coverage given to novel classes such as dendrimers, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes (Pal et al., 2011; Nagavarma et al., 2012). Characterization relies throughout on dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and zeta-potential analysis, though the underlying studies are not uniformly in agreement—reported effects of particle size on polymer degradation rate, for instance, differ between individual studies cited within the same source. Notable gaps identified include limited comparative data on scale-up feasibility, inconsistent reporting of long-term toxicological outcomes, and underexplored mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated blood-brain barrier transcytosis. None of the five sources addresses regulatory pathways or clinical-trial evidence in depth; on this basis, this review infers, rather than reports as an explicit finding of the literature, that translational and regulatory validation is likely the next major barrier to clinical adoption.

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